Sterling silver is an alloy of silver containing The sterling silver standard has a minimum millesimal fineness of Fine silverfor example Sterling silver is prone to tarnishing, [1] [2] and elements other than copper can be used in alloys to reduce tarnishing, as well as casting porosity and firescale.
Such elements include germaniumzincplatinumsiliconand boron. Recent examples of alloys using these metals include argentiumsterlium, sterilite and silvadium.
The English chronicler Orderic Vitalis — c. The word in origin refers to the newly introduced Norman silver penny. According to the Oxford English Dictionarythe most plausible etymology is derivation from a late Old English steorling with or like a “little star”as some early Norman pennies were imprinted with a small star.
There are a number of obsolete [ citation needed ] hypotheses. One suggests a connection with starlingbecause four birds in fact martlets were depicted on a penny of Edward I.
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Another argument is that the Hanseatic League was the origin for both the origin of its definition and manufacture, and in its name is that the German name for the Baltic is “Ost See”, or “East Sea”, and from this the Baltic merchants were called “Osterlings”, or “Easterlings”.
InHenry III granted them a charter of protection. Because the League’s money was not frequently debased like that of England, English traders stipulated to be paid in pounds of the Easterlingswhich was contracted to sterling.
This etymology may have been first suggested by Walter de Pinchebek ca. The British numismatist Philip Grierson disagrees with the “star” etymology, as the stars appeared on Norman pennies only for the single three-year issue from — the Normans changed coin designs every three years.
Grierson’s proposed alternative is that “sterling” derives from “ster” [note 1] meaning “strong” or “stout”, by analogy with the Byzantine solidusoriginally known as the solidus aureus meaning “solid gold” or “reliable gold”.
In support of this he cites the fact that one of the first acts of the Normans was to restore the coinage to the consistent weight and purity it had in the days of Offa, King of Mercia.
This would have been perceived as a contrast to the progressive debasement of the intervening years, and would therefore be a likely source for a nickname.
Rigold disputes the origin being Norman, stating, “that, while medieval British coins seldom copy or are copied by those of France, they have many typological connexions with the lands to the east—the Netherlands, the Baltic, Germany, and even deeper regions of central Europe.
The sterling alloy originated in continental Europe [ citation needed ] and was being used for commerce as early as the 12th century in the area that is now northern Germany.
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In England the composition of sterling silver was subject to official assay at some date before[ citation needed ] during the reign of Henry IIbut its purity was probably regulated from centuries earlier, in Saxon times.
A piece of sterling silver dating from Henry II’s reign was used as a standard in the Trial of the Pyx until it was deposited at the Royal Mint in It bears the royal stamp ENRI.
In Colonial Americasterling silver was used for currency and general goods as well.
29.01.2020 – Handcrafted in USA. The most plausible opinion seems to be that adopted by those to etymologists, that the name was derived from the Esterlingi, or Easterlings, as those Saxons were anciently called who inhabited that district of Germany now occupied by the Hanse Towns and their appendages, the earliest traders in modern Europe. The ring is non customizable.
Although silversmiths of this era were typically familiar with all precious metals, they primarily worked in sterling silver. The colonies lacked an assay office during this time the first would be established inso American silversmiths adhered to the standard set by the London Goldsmiths Company : sterling silver consisted of Colonial silversmiths used many of the techniques developed by those in Europe.
Casting was frequently the first step in manufacturing silver pieces, as silver workers would melt down sterling silver into easily manageable ingots.
Occasionally, they would create small components e. Finally, they would file and polish their work to remove all seams, finishing off with engraving and stamping the smith’s mark.
Although he is celebrated for his beautiful hollowwareRevere made his fortune primarily on low-end goods produced by the mill, such as flatware.
From about to in the United States and Europesterling silver cutlery US: ‘flatware’ became de rigueur when setting a proper table.
There was a marked increase in the number of silver companies that emerged during that period. The height of the silver craze was during the year period from to Flatware lines during this period sometimes included up to different types of pieces.
A number of factors converged to make sterling fall out of favor around the time of World War II. Only the wealthy could afford the large number of servants required for fancy dining with ten courses.
And changes in aesthetics resulted in people desiring simpler dinnerware that was easier to clean. Some countries developed systems of hallmarking silver :.
Individual eating implements often included: [ citation needed ].
This was especially true during the Victorian period, when etiquette dictated no food should be touched with one’s fingers. Serving pieces were often elaborately decorated and pierced and embellished with ivoryand could include any or all of the following: [ citation needed ] carving knife and fork, salad knife and fork, cold meat fork, punch ladlesoup ladle, gravy ladle, casserole -serving spoon, berry spoon, lasagna server, macaroni server, asparagus server, cucumber server, tomato server, olive spoon, cheese scoop, fish knife and fork, pastry server, petit four server, cake knife, bon bon spoon, salt spoonsugar sifter or caster and crumb remover with brush.
Cutlery sets were often accompanied by tea setshot water pots, chocolate pots, trays and salversgoblets, demitasse cups and saucers, liqueur cups, bouillon cups, egg cups, plates, napkin rings, water and wine pitchers and coasters, candelabra and even elaborate centerpieces.
The interest in sterling extended to business sterling paper clipsmechanical pencilsletter openers, calling card boxes, cigarette casesto the boudoir sterling dresser traysmirrors, hair and suit brushes, pill bottles, manicure sets, shoehornsperfume bottles, powder bottles, hair clips and even to children cups, cutleryrattles.
Chemically, silver is not very reactive—it does not react with oxygen or water at ordinary temperatures, so does not easily form a silver oxide.
However, it is attacked by common components of atmospheric pollution : silver sulfide slowly appears as a black tarnish during exposure to airborne compounds of sulfur byproducts of the burning of fossil fuels and some industrial processesand low level ozone reacts to form silver oxide.
The black silver sulfide Ag 2 S is among the most insoluble salts in aqueous solutiona property that is exploited for separating silver ions from other positive ions.
Sodium chloride NaCl or common table salt is known to corrode silver-copper alloy, typically seen in silver salt shakers where corrosion appears around the holes in the top.
Several products have been developed for the purpose of polishing silver that serve to remove sulfur from the metal without damaging or warping it.
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Because harsh polishing and buffing can permanently damage and devalue a piece of antique silver, valuable items are typically hand-polished to preserve the unique patinas of older pieces.
Techniques such as wheel polishingwhich are typically performed by professional jewelers or silver repair companies, are reserved for extreme tarnish or corrosion.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Top edge is repousse arrowhead leaf design. A Macedonian sterling silver Hanukkah menorah.
A Chinese export sterling silver punch bowl, c. This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources.
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Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Retrieved 28 Nov Government of Canada. Retrieved OED Online.
Matte finish lapis beads in deep shades of blue meld with turquoise, ruby, agate and coral, punctuated by the warm glow of brass as if ‘By Candlelight’ in our gemstone bracelet. It’s beautiful, subtle, and it reminds me that much is possible if you believe. Unique handmade sterling silver rings jewelry from israel silver This section needs additional citations for verification. Handmade in USA in whole sizes 5 to 9.
December Oxford University Press. Entry accessed February 28, The most plausible opinion seems to be that adopted by those to etymologists, that the name was derived from the Esterlingi, or Easterlings, as those Saxons were anciently called who inhabited that district of Germany now occupied by the Hanse Towns and their appendages, the earliest traders in modern Europe.
December 10, In the time of King Richard I. In England the term “sterling,” originally “easterling,” and in france the synonymous term “esterlin,” were used to denote the twentieth part of the ounce, also called “penny” in England, and “denier,” from denarius, in France.
Only the wealthy could afford the large number of servants required for fancy dining with ten courses. Honestly, I can’t see any difference in the two. Unique handmade sterling silver rings jewelry from israel silver A Chinese export sterling silver punch bowl, c.
Studies presented to F. Stenton on the occasion of his 80th birthday, 17 May House of Commons. The elements. Tarrytown, NY: Marshall Cavendish.
Venable; Harry N. Abrams, Inc. Hood, Jr. Wyler; ; Crown Publishers, Inc. International Hallmarks on Silver Collected by Tardy5th English Language reprint ; original publication date unknown, date of first softcover publication ; author unknown; publisher unknown.
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Falino, Jeannine; Ward, Gerald W. Boston: Colonial Society of Massachusetts. Kauffman, Henry J. Mendham, NJ: Astragal. Tunis, Edwin Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP.
Martello, Robert Draw plate File Hammer Mandrel Pliers. Gold Palladium Platinum Rhodium Silver. Carat mass Carat purity Finding Millesimal fineness Art jewelry.
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